Without damaging the multivocal impulses and philosophical quandaries of Macbeth, a midrashic reading dispels some indefensible murk and sheds some light on the playwright who trusted this ancient Christian’s perspective on human and divine natures. The themes, diction, and causation claims of James’s Epistle find their representations in the characterization and plot of Macbeth so consistently as to warrant reading the play as a midrash, or creative application and embellishment, of James’s Epistle. James addresses issues common to secular and sacred literature-issues such as the nature of wisdom, the conditions of unity, the difference between appearance and reality, a reason and remedy for suffering, and the volatile involvement of language in each of these discussions.
William Shakespeare’s references to biblical material have been much written about, but little attention has been given to a connection between Macbeth and the New Testament Epistle of James.
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